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Basic Programming

Defining Variables​

Use the operator <- to assign specific values to variables:
x <- 5
y <- x + 3  # y = 8
x <- x * 2  # x = 10
Block-Scoping

Variables declared within a block are not accessible outside the block.

Comments​

Use comments to make the code more readable. These are ignored during execution:
# This is a comment 
// Also a comment
1 + /* this is ignored */ 2  # = 3

Defining Functions​

Define functions in short or long form:
# Short form
addThree(a, b, c) <- a + b + c

# Long form
function addThree(a, b, c)
  a + b + c
end function
Default values:
power(a, b = 2) <- a^b
power(3)  # = 9

If-Then-Else Statements​

Use conditional logic:
if age > 18 then
  "Adult"
else if age > 12 then
  "Teen"
else
  "Child"
end if

While Loops​

The code is repeated as long as a condition is met:
n <- 1
while n < 100
  n <- n * 2
end loop
# n = 128

For Loops​

The code is executed a fixed number of times:
sum <- 0
for i from 1 to 5
  sum <- sum + i
end loop
# sum = 15
With custom steps:
for i from 2 to 10 by 2
  sum <- sum + i
end loop
# sum = 30
For-in loop:
for val in {3, -1, 7}
  print(val)
end loop

Returning Values​

The last expression in a block is returned unless 'return' is explicitly used:
return 2 + 2  # = 4

Error Handling​

Use Try-Catch to handle errors safely:
Try
  result <- someRiskyFunction()
Catch err
  result <- "Error occurred"
End Try
Throw custom errors:
if x.length() = 0 then
  throw "x must not be empty"
end if

Destructuring Assignment​

Quickly assign elements from a vector:
a, b <- {100, 200}
# a = 100, b = 200

Functional Programming​

First-Class Functions​

Assign functions to variables:
myFunc <- mean
myFunc(4, 6, 8)  # = 6
Use the Map function with a function vector to get specific values from a dataset:
{Min, Max}.Map(x(5, 8, 2))  # = {2, 8}

Anonymous Functions​

Define functions without names:
f <- function(x, y) sqrt(x^2 + y^2)
f(6, 8)  # = 10
Useful for functions like Map() and Filter():
{1, 2, 3}.map(function(n) n^2)  # = {1, 4, 9}

Closures​

Useful for functions like Map() and Filter():
function makeCounter()
  count <- 0
  function()
    count <- count + 1
    count
  end function
end function

c <- makeCounter()
c()  # = 1
c()  # = 2

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)​

Defining Objects​

Objects are named vectors:
Car <- {
  make: "Toyota",
  year: 2020
}
Car.make  # = "Toyota"
Add behaviors to functions:
Car.fullInfo <- function()
  self.make + " (" + self.year + ")"
end function

Inheritance​

Create objects that inherit from others using 'new':
Truck <- new Car
Truck.make <- "Ford"
Truck.year <- 2022

Constructors​

Add behaviors to functions:
Car.fullInfo <- function()
  self.make + " (" + self.year + ")"
end function

Parent Reference​

Use parent to call a parent’s function:
ElectricCar <- new Car("", 0)
ElectricCar.range <- 300
ElectricCar.constructor <- function(m, y, r)
  parent.constructor(m, y)
  self.range <- r
end function